Article Structure dislocated Chest Anatomy

The sternum is composed of highly vascular cancellous tissue, covered by a thin layer of compact bone which is thickest in the manubrium between the articular facets for the clavicles.

The sternum is an elongated, flattened bone, forming the middle portion of the anterior wall of the thorax. Its upper end supports the clavicles, and its margins articulate with the cartilages of the first seven pairs of ribs. It consists of three parts, named from above downward, the manubrium, the body or gladiolus, and the xiphoid process; in early life the body consists of four segments or sternebrœ. In its natural position the inclination of the bone is oblique from above, downward and forward. It is slightly convex in front and concave behind; broad above, becoming narrowed at the point where the manubrium joins the body, after which it again widens a little to below the middle of the body, and then narrows to its lower extremity. Its average length in the adult is about 17 cm., and is rather greater in the male than in the female.

Surfaces.—Its anterior surface, convex from side to side, concave from above downward, is smooth, and affords attachment on either side to the sternal origins of the Pectoralis major and Sternocleidomastoideus. Sometimes the ridges limiting the attachments of these muscles are very distinct. Its posterior surface, concave and smooth, affords attachment on either side to the Sternohyoideus and Sternothyreoideus.

Article Structure dislocated Human

Bone is the body that cause the body can stand upright, Place inherent muscularity so that it allows the way the blood vessel, where the bone marrow and protect the nerve network software, as well as the bones are human organs that are required to lift and carry items that are.

The idea that organ is the bone we need to do the day-to-day activities. So that we can not imagine how we interfere when there is damage that occurs in our bones.

From the above considerations, there are 4 main functions of the network bones: mechanical function, as the endorser and the body attached to the network muscle movement. Muscle is the tool movement is active, while the bone is pasif. function as Protective equipment movement, protect various vital tool in the body and also the bone marrow. Metabolik function, as backup and metabolism of various essential minerals such as calcium and phospat. Hemopetik function, during the process of formation and development of blood cells.


The anatomy (seen from the shape), two bones: flat dislocated (dislocated bone-head, jaw bones, etc.) long dislocated (dislocated bone-arm, thigh, back, etc.) outside the bone (the hard part) is called bone kortikal , where this part is a very visible KALSIFIKASI so strong, compact and strong. While in part a porous and hollow bones called trabekular, this section has not been classified perfectly, so it is porous or permeable.

Leukemia Dicriptions,Symptomps and Causes News

This type of cancer does not form a tumor mass, but the blood vessel and meet with the function of normal blood cells. Leukemia (pronounced loo-KEE-mee-uh) is a form of cancer in which the body produces too many white blood cells. Many forms of leukemia have been identified.

Symptoms

Damage to the bone marrow, by way of displacing the normal bone marrow cells with higher numbers of immature white blood cells, results in a lack of blood platelets, which are important in the blood clotting process. This means people with leukemia may easily become bruised, bleed excessively, or develop pinprick bleeds (petechiae).

White blood cells, which are involved in fighting pathogens, may be suppressed or dysfunctional. This could cause the patient's immune system to be unable to fight off a simple infection or to start attacking other body cells. Because leukemia prevents the immune system from working normally, some patients experience frequent infection, ranging from infected tonsils, sores in the mouth, or diarrhea to life-threatening pneumonia or opportunistic infections.

Finally, the red blood cell deficiency leads to anemia, which may cause dyspnea and pallor.

Some patients experience other symptoms. These symptoms might include feeling sick, such as having fevers, chills, night sweats and other flu-like symptoms, or feeling fatigued. Some patients experience nausea or a feeling of fullness due to an enlarged liver and spleen; this can result in unintentional weight loss. If the leukemic cells invade the central nervous system, then neurological symptoms (notably headaches) can occur.

All symptoms associated with leukemia can be attributed to other diseases. Consequently, leukemia is always diagnosed through medical tests.

The word leukemia, which means 'white blood', is derived from the disease's namesake high white blood cell counts that most leukemia patients have before treatment. The high number of white blood cells are apparent when a blood sample is viewed under a microscope. Frequently, these extra white blood cells are immature or dysfunctional. The excessive number of cells can also interfere with the level of other cells, causing a harmful imbalance in the blood count.

Some leukemia patients do not have high white blood cell counts visible during a regular blood count. This less-common condition is called aleukemia. The bone marrow still contains cancerous white blood cells which disrupt the normal production of blood cells. However, the leukemic cells are staying in the marrow instead of entering the bloodstream, where they would be visible in a blood test. For an aleukemic patient, the white blood cell counts in the bloodstream can be normal or low. Aleukemia can occur in any of the four major types of leukemia, and is particularly common in hairy cell leukemia.

Causes of Leukemia: Still Not Known

Scientists are hard at work trying to determine the underlying causes of leukemia. Perhaps by knowing more about the various causes of leukemia, scientists and doctors can hope to find breakthroughs in treatment as well. Already, there are some well-established facts about leukemia, but these do not necessarily shed light on the possible causes of leukemia. For instance, science now knows that leukemia is more frequent in males than females, and that people of a certain heritage are more likely to have it than others, yet this still doesn't explain much about the causes of leukemia.
Scientists and the cancer experts at Cancer Treatment Centers of America hope to one day know the causes of leukemia, so that treatments can be improved. However, until such time, the most appropriate course of action is to stay informed about the possible causes of leukemia by taking advantage of the wealth of information available through Cancer Treatment Centers of America.

Lung Cancer Definition,Symptoms,Causes and Treatments

Lung cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. This growth may lead to metastasis, which is the invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs. The vast majority of primary lung cancers are carcinomas of the lung, derived from epithelial cells.

Cancer of the lung, like all cancers, results from an abnormality in the body's basic unit of life, the cell. Normally, the body maintains a system of checks and balances on cell growth so that cells divide to produce new cells only when needed. Disruption of this system of checks and balances on cell growth results in an uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells that eventually forms a mass known as a tumor.

The lung is also a very common site for metastasis from tumors in other parts of the body. Tumor metastases are made up of the same type of cells as the original, or primary, tumor. For example, if prostate cancer spreads via the bloodstream to the lungs, it is metastatic prostate cancer in the lung and is not lung cancer.


Symptomps

Lung cancer originates from abnormalities in the basic unit of the body - the cell. In the normal state, cells divide and reproduce according to need. This is brought about by a system of checks and balances built into the organism.

Sometimes, however, this orderly system is disrupted and cells divide and proliferate in an uncontrolled manner. They form an abnormal mass referred to as a tumor. Although not all tumors are malignant, those that give rise to lung cancer symptoms are.

Tumors that are benign usually do not pose a threat and can be removed without spreading to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, like those of lung cancer, multiply and spread aggressively. They tend to move to other - often distant - parts of the body, in a process called metastasis.

Lung cancer, in particular, tends to metastasize or spread at an early stage. This makes it difficult to treat and it is one of the most life-threatening cancers around. The malignancy can spread to practically any part of the body. However, certain organs are more prone to being affected - they include the liver, adrenal glands, bone and the brain.

Tumors that are benign usually do not pose a threat and can be removed without spreading to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, like those of lung cancer, multiply and spread aggressively. They tend to move to other - often distant - parts of the body, in a process called metastasis.

Lung cancer, in particular, tends to metastasize or spread at an early stage. This makes it difficult to treat and it is one of the most life-threatening cancers around. The malignancy can spread to practically any part of the body. However, certain organs are more prone to being affected - they include the liver, adrenal glands, bone and the brain.


Lung Cancer Causes

Cigarette smoking is the most important cause of lung cancer. Research as far back as the 1950s clearly established this relationship.

• Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals, many of which have been identified as causing cancer.
• A person who smokes more than one pack of cigarettes per day has a risk of developing lung cancer 20-25 times greater than someone who has never smoked.
• Once a person quits smoking, his or her risk for lung cancer gradually decreases. About 15 years after quitting, the risk for lung cancer decreases to the level of someone who never smoked.
• Cigar and pipe smoking increases the risk of lung cancer but not as much as smoking cigarettes.
  

About 90% of lung cancers arise due to tobacco use. The risk of developing lung cancer is related to the following factors:

• the number of cigarettes smoked,
• the age at which a person started smoking, and
• how long a person has smoked (or had smoked before quitting).
  

Other causes of lung cancer include the following:

• Passive smoking, or secondhand smoke, presents another risk for lung cancer. An estimated 3,000 lung cancer deaths occur each year in the U.S. that are attributable to passive smoking.
• Air pollution from motor vehicles, factories, and other sources probably increase the risk for lung cancer, and many experts believe that prolonged exposure to polluted air is similar to prolonged exposure to passive smoking in terms of risk for developing lung cancer.
• Asbestos exposure increases the risk of lung cancer by nine times. A combination of asbestos exposure and cigarette smoking raises the risk to as much as 50 times. Another cancer known as mesothelioma (a type of cancer of the pleura or of the lining of the abdominal cavity called the peritoneum) is also strongly associated with exposure to asbestos.
• Lung diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also create a risk for lung cancer. A person with COPD has a four to six times greater risk of lung cancer even when the effect of cigarette smoking is excluded.
• Radon exposure poses another risk.
  

o Radon is a by-product of naturally occurring radium, which is a product of uranium.

o Radon is present in indoor and outdoor air.

o The risk for lung cancer increases with significant long-term exposure to radon, although no one knows the exact risk. An estimated 12% of lung cancer deaths are attributable to radon gas, or 15,000 to 22,000 lung cancer-related deaths annually in the U.S. Radon gas is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. As with asbestos exposure, smoking greatly increases the risk of lung cancer with radon exposure.

• Certain occupations where exposure to arsenic, chromium, nickel, aromatic hydrocarbons, and ethers occurs may increase the risk of lung cancer.

Prostate Cancer Definition,Symptomps,Causes and Treatments

Prostate cancer is a form of cancer that develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. The cancer cells may metastasize (spread) from the prostate to other parts of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes. Prostate cancer may cause pain, difficulty in urinating, problems during sexual intercourse, or erectile dysfunction. Other symptoms can potentially develop during later stages of the disease.

Rates of detection of prostate cancers vary widely across the world, with South and East Asia detecting less frequently than in Europe, and especially the United States.

Prostate Cancer Symptoms

If the cancer is caught at its earliest stages, most men will not experience any symptoms. Some men, however, will experience symptoms that might indicate the presence of prostate cancer, including:

• A need to urinate frequently, especially at night
• Difficulty starting urination or holding back urine
• Weak or interrupted flow of urine
• Painful or burning urination
• Difficulty in having an erection
• Painful ejaculation
• Blood in urine or semen
• Frequent pain or stiffness in the lower back, hips, or upper thighs.

Because these symptoms can also indicate the presence of other diseases or disorders.

Causes Prostate Cancer

Prostate cancer is caused by changes in the DNA of a prostate cancer cell. DNA makes up our genes, which control how cells behave. DNA is inherited from our parents. A small percentage (about 5% to 10%) of prostate cancers is linked to these inherited changes. Prostate cancer may also be linked to higher levels of certain hormones. High levels of male hormones (androgens) may play a part in prostate cancer risk in some men. Some researchers have noted that men with high levels of a hormone called IGF-1 are more likely to get prostate cancer, too. But others have not found such a link. More research is needed in this area.

Prostate biopsy

If cancer is suspected, a biopsy is offered. During a biopsy a urologist or radiologist obtains tissue samples from the prostate via the rectum. A biopsy gun inserts and removes special hollow-core needles (usually three to six on each side of the prostate) in less than a second. Prostate biopsies are routinely done on an outpatient basis and rarely require hospitalization. Fifty-five percent of men report discomfort during prostate biopsy.

Treatment Options.

Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:

• The stage of the cancer (whether it affects part of the prostate, involves the whole prostate, or has spread to other places in the body).
• The patient’s age and health.
• Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).

Prognosis also depends on the Gleason score and the level of PSA.

Hepatitis B Definition,Symptoms,Causes and Treatments

Serviks Cancer (Cervical Cancer) or neck cancer in the uterus is cancer that occurs in the uterus serviks, a region in the female reproductive organ which is the entrance to the uterus located between the womb (uterus) with coitus vagina.

This cancer usually occurs in women who have aged, but the statistical evidence shows that the uterus neck cancer can also attack the women aged 20-30 years.

Symptoms and Sign of Sign of Cancer-Serviks

Early symptoms are bleeding in the vagina coitus, arising keputihan (Fluor Albus) heavily mixed with blood and not tasty, or pelvic pain and can not dispose of urine.

Causes

Serviks cancer caused by Human Pappilloma Virus (HPV). HPV can be transmitted through sexual relations and often exchange personal equipment, such as shorts or towels. All women who have sexual risk exposure serviks cancer, because the intimate relationship that can occur HPV infection. They are exposed to high risk of cancer serviks is, women who did not undergo screening

Stadium Serviks on Cancer

Stadium cancer is a key factor that determines what the treatment will be taken. Usually, the examination can be made: Radiology image, such as inspection X-Ray, computerized Tomography (CT) Scan or MRI.

Stadium 0
Noninvasive cancer, early cancer is small and only limited to the surface serviks.

Stadium I
Cancer is limited to serviks

Stadium II
Cancer in the stadium include serviks and uterus, but has not spread to the walls of the bottom of the pelvis or vagina

Stadium III
Cancer in this stadium has spread from the uterus and serviks wall to the bottom of the pelvis or vagina.

Stadium IV
At the stadium this cancer has spread to nearby organs, such as the bladder or rectum, or has spread to other areas in the body, such as lung, liver or bones.

Breast Cancer:Definition,Symptoms,Causes and Treatments

Cancer is a condition in which cells have lost normal control mechanisms and, thus experiencing the growth that is not normal, fast and does not restrained.
In addition, breast cancer (Carcinoma mmmaea) is defined as a disease of malignant neoplasma originating from parenchyma.

There are two main types of breast cancer:

• Ductal carcinoma starts in the tubes (ducts) that move milk from the breast to the nipple. Most breast cancers are of this type.

• Lobular carcinoma starts in parts of the breast, called lobules, that produce milk.

In rare cases, breast cancer can start in other areas of the breast.

Many breast cancers are sensitive to the hormone estrogen. This means that estrogen causes the breast cancer tumor to grow. Such cancer is called estrogen receptor positive cancer or ER positive cancer.

Some women have what's called HER2-positive breast cancer. HER2 refers to a gene that helps cells grow, divide, and repair themselves. When cells have too many copies of this gene, cells -- including cancer cells -- grow faster. Experts think that women with HER2-positive breast cancer have a more aggressive disease and a higher risk of recurrence than those who do not have this type.

Types
Invasive Breast Cancer

Invasive breast cancers have spread beyond the milk ducts and milk-making glands to other breast tissue.
Breast cancer recurrence (return) is possible after treatment, and it doesn’t always come back to the breast.

Breast cancer is generally seen in women after menopause. But it can strike much earlier.
Breast cancer in pregnancy is very rare. But it can happen. .
The vast majority of breast cancer patients are women. But every year, about 1,700 U.S. men get breast cancer. This article has the facts on male breast cancer.
Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare type of breast cancer in which the breast appears swollen and inflamed. It doesn’t always involve a lump.

Symtomps

Signs and symptoms of breast cancer may include:

• A breast lump or thickening that feels different from the surrounding tissue
• Bloody discharge from the nipple
• Change in the size or shape of a breast
• Changes to the skin over the breast, such as dimpling
• Inverted nipple
• Peeling or flaking of the nipple skin
• Redness or pitting of the skin over your breast, like the skin of an orange

Causes

It's not clear what causes breast cancer. Doctors know that breast cancer occurs when some breast cells begin growing abnormally. These cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells do. The accumulating cells form a tumor that may spread (metastasize) through your breast, to your lymph nodes or to other parts of your body.

It's not clear what causes breast cancer. Doctors know that breast cancer occurs when some breast cells begin growing abnormally. These cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells do. The accumulating cells form a tumor that may spread (metastasize) through your breast, to your lymph nodes or to other parts of your body.

Breast cancer most often begins with cells in the milk-producing ducts. Doctors call this type of breast cancer invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer may also begin in the lobules (invasive lobular carcinoma) or cells within the breast.

Researchers have identified things that can increase your risk of breast cancer. But it's not clear why some people who have no risk factors develop cancer, yet other people with risk factors never do. It's likely that breast cancer is caused by a complex combination of your genetic makeup and your environment.

Doctors estimate that 5 to 10 percent of breast cancers are linked to gene mutation passed through generations of a family. A number of inherited defective genes that can increase the likelihood of breast cancer have been identified. The most common are breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2), both of which increase the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer.

If you have a strong family history of breast cancer or other cancers, blood tests may help identify defective BRCA or other genes that are being passed through your family. Consider asking your doctor for a referral to a genetic counselor who can review your family health history. A genetic counselor can also discuss the benefits, risks and limitations of genetic testing with you.


Breast cancer most often begins with cells in the milk-producing ducts. Doctors call this type of breast cancer invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer may also begin in the lobules (invasive lobular carcinoma) or cells within the breast.

Researchers have identified things that can increase your risk of breast cancer. But it's not clear why some people who have no risk factors develop cancer, yet other people with risk factors never do. It's likely that breast cancer is caused by a complex combination of your genetic makeup and your environment.

If you have a strong family history of breast cancer or other cancers, blood tests may help identify defective BRCA or other genes that are being passed through your family. Consider asking your doctor for a referral to a genetic counselor who can review your family health history. A genetic counselor can also discuss the benefits, risks and limitations of genetic testing with you.