This type of cancer does not form a tumor mass, but the blood vessel and meet with the function of normal blood cells. Leukemia (pronounced loo-KEE-mee-uh) is a form of cancer in which the body produces too many white blood cells. Many forms of leukemia have been identified.
Symptoms
Damage to the bone marrow, by way of displacing the normal bone marrow cells with higher numbers of immature white blood cells, results in a lack of blood platelets, which are important in the blood clotting process. This means people with leukemia may easily become bruised, bleed excessively, or develop pinprick bleeds (petechiae).
White blood cells, which are involved in fighting pathogens, may be suppressed or dysfunctional. This could cause the patient's immune system to be unable to fight off a simple infection or to start attacking other body cells. Because leukemia prevents the immune system from working normally, some patients experience frequent infection, ranging from infected tonsils, sores in the mouth, or diarrhea to life-threatening pneumonia or opportunistic infections.
Finally, the red blood cell deficiency leads to anemia, which may cause dyspnea and pallor.
Some patients experience other symptoms. These symptoms might include feeling sick, such as having fevers, chills, night sweats and other flu-like symptoms, or feeling fatigued. Some patients experience nausea or a feeling of fullness due to an enlarged liver and spleen; this can result in unintentional weight loss. If the leukemic cells invade the central nervous system, then neurological symptoms (notably headaches) can occur.
All symptoms associated with leukemia can be attributed to other diseases. Consequently, leukemia is always diagnosed through medical tests.
The word leukemia, which means 'white blood', is derived from the disease's namesake high white blood cell counts that most leukemia patients have before treatment. The high number of white blood cells are apparent when a blood sample is viewed under a microscope. Frequently, these extra white blood cells are immature or dysfunctional. The excessive number of cells can also interfere with the level of other cells, causing a harmful imbalance in the blood count.
Some leukemia patients do not have high white blood cell counts visible during a regular blood count. This less-common condition is called aleukemia. The bone marrow still contains cancerous white blood cells which disrupt the normal production of blood cells. However, the leukemic cells are staying in the marrow instead of entering the bloodstream, where they would be visible in a blood test. For an aleukemic patient, the white blood cell counts in the bloodstream can be normal or low. Aleukemia can occur in any of the four major types of leukemia, and is particularly common in hairy cell leukemia.
Causes of Leukemia: Still Not Known
Scientists are hard at work trying to determine the underlying causes of leukemia. Perhaps by knowing more about the various causes of leukemia, scientists and doctors can hope to find breakthroughs in treatment as well. Already, there are some well-established facts about leukemia, but these do not necessarily shed light on the possible causes of leukemia. For instance, science now knows that leukemia is more frequent in males than females, and that people of a certain heritage are more likely to have it than others, yet this still doesn't explain much about the causes of leukemia.
Scientists and the cancer experts at Cancer Treatment Centers of America hope to one day know the causes of leukemia, so that treatments can be improved. However, until such time, the most appropriate course of action is to stay informed about the possible causes of leukemia by taking advantage of the wealth of information available through Cancer Treatment Centers of America.
Kamis, 30 Juli 2009
Rabu, 29 Juli 2009
Lung Cancer Definition,Symptoms,Causes and Treatments
Lung cancer is a disease of uncontrolled cell growth in tissues of the lung. This growth may lead to metastasis, which is the invasion of adjacent tissue and infiltration beyond the lungs. The vast majority of primary lung cancers are carcinomas of the lung, derived from epithelial cells.
Cancer of the lung, like all cancers, results from an abnormality in the body's basic unit of life, the cell. Normally, the body maintains a system of checks and balances on cell growth so that cells divide to produce new cells only when needed. Disruption of this system of checks and balances on cell growth results in an uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells that eventually forms a mass known as a tumor.
The lung is also a very common site for metastasis from tumors in other parts of the body. Tumor metastases are made up of the same type of cells as the original, or primary, tumor. For example, if prostate cancer spreads via the bloodstream to the lungs, it is metastatic prostate cancer in the lung and is not lung cancer.
Symptomps
Lung cancer originates from abnormalities in the basic unit of the body - the cell. In the normal state, cells divide and reproduce according to need. This is brought about by a system of checks and balances built into the organism.
Sometimes, however, this orderly system is disrupted and cells divide and proliferate in an uncontrolled manner. They form an abnormal mass referred to as a tumor. Although not all tumors are malignant, those that give rise to lung cancer symptoms are.
Tumors that are benign usually do not pose a threat and can be removed without spreading to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, like those of lung cancer, multiply and spread aggressively. They tend to move to other - often distant - parts of the body, in a process called metastasis.
Lung cancer, in particular, tends to metastasize or spread at an early stage. This makes it difficult to treat and it is one of the most life-threatening cancers around. The malignancy can spread to practically any part of the body. However, certain organs are more prone to being affected - they include the liver, adrenal glands, bone and the brain.
Tumors that are benign usually do not pose a threat and can be removed without spreading to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, like those of lung cancer, multiply and spread aggressively. They tend to move to other - often distant - parts of the body, in a process called metastasis.
Lung cancer, in particular, tends to metastasize or spread at an early stage. This makes it difficult to treat and it is one of the most life-threatening cancers around. The malignancy can spread to practically any part of the body. However, certain organs are more prone to being affected - they include the liver, adrenal glands, bone and the brain.
Lung Cancer Causes
Cigarette smoking is the most important cause of lung cancer. Research as far back as the 1950s clearly established this relationship.
Cancer of the lung, like all cancers, results from an abnormality in the body's basic unit of life, the cell. Normally, the body maintains a system of checks and balances on cell growth so that cells divide to produce new cells only when needed. Disruption of this system of checks and balances on cell growth results in an uncontrolled division and proliferation of cells that eventually forms a mass known as a tumor.
The lung is also a very common site for metastasis from tumors in other parts of the body. Tumor metastases are made up of the same type of cells as the original, or primary, tumor. For example, if prostate cancer spreads via the bloodstream to the lungs, it is metastatic prostate cancer in the lung and is not lung cancer.
Symptomps
Lung cancer originates from abnormalities in the basic unit of the body - the cell. In the normal state, cells divide and reproduce according to need. This is brought about by a system of checks and balances built into the organism.
Sometimes, however, this orderly system is disrupted and cells divide and proliferate in an uncontrolled manner. They form an abnormal mass referred to as a tumor. Although not all tumors are malignant, those that give rise to lung cancer symptoms are.
Tumors that are benign usually do not pose a threat and can be removed without spreading to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, like those of lung cancer, multiply and spread aggressively. They tend to move to other - often distant - parts of the body, in a process called metastasis.
Lung cancer, in particular, tends to metastasize or spread at an early stage. This makes it difficult to treat and it is one of the most life-threatening cancers around. The malignancy can spread to practically any part of the body. However, certain organs are more prone to being affected - they include the liver, adrenal glands, bone and the brain.
Tumors that are benign usually do not pose a threat and can be removed without spreading to other parts of the body. Malignant tumors, like those of lung cancer, multiply and spread aggressively. They tend to move to other - often distant - parts of the body, in a process called metastasis.
Lung cancer, in particular, tends to metastasize or spread at an early stage. This makes it difficult to treat and it is one of the most life-threatening cancers around. The malignancy can spread to practically any part of the body. However, certain organs are more prone to being affected - they include the liver, adrenal glands, bone and the brain.
Lung Cancer Causes
Cigarette smoking is the most important cause of lung cancer. Research as far back as the 1950s clearly established this relationship.
- Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals, many of which have been identified as causing cancer.
- A person who smokes more than one pack of cigarettes per day has a risk of developing lung cancer 20-25 times greater than someone who has never smoked.
- Once a person quits smoking, his or her risk for lung cancer gradually decreases. About 15 years after quitting, the risk for lung cancer decreases to the level of someone who never smoked.
- Cigar and pipe smoking increases the risk of lung cancer but not as much as smoking cigarettes.
About 90% of lung cancers arise due to tobacco use. The risk of developing lung cancer is related to the following factors:
- the number of cigarettes smoked,
- the age at which a person started smoking, and
- how long a person has smoked (or had smoked before quitting).
Other causes of lung cancer include the following:
- Passive smoking, or secondhand smoke, presents another risk for lung cancer. An estimated 3,000 lung cancer deaths occur each year in the U.S. that are attributable to passive smoking.
- Air pollution from motor vehicles, factories, and other sources probably increase the risk for lung cancer, and many experts believe that prolonged exposure to polluted air is similar to prolonged exposure to passive smoking in terms of risk for developing lung cancer.
- Asbestos exposure increases the risk of lung cancer by nine times. A combination of asbestos exposure and cigarette smoking raises the risk to as much as 50 times. Another cancer known as mesothelioma (a type of cancer of the pleura or of the lining of the abdominal cavity called the peritoneum) is also strongly associated with exposure to asbestos.
- Lung diseases, such as tuberculosis (TB) and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), also create a risk for lung cancer. A person with COPD has a four to six times greater risk of lung cancer even when the effect of cigarette smoking is excluded.
- Radon exposure poses another risk.
o Radon is a by-product of naturally occurring radium, which is a product of uranium.
o Radon is present in indoor and outdoor air.
o The risk for lung cancer increases with significant long-term exposure to radon, although no one knows the exact risk. An estimated 12% of lung cancer deaths are attributable to radon gas, or 15,000 to 22,000 lung cancer-related deaths annually in the U.S. Radon gas is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. As with asbestos exposure, smoking greatly increases the risk of lung cancer with radon exposure.
o Radon is present in indoor and outdoor air.
o The risk for lung cancer increases with significant long-term exposure to radon, although no one knows the exact risk. An estimated 12% of lung cancer deaths are attributable to radon gas, or 15,000 to 22,000 lung cancer-related deaths annually in the U.S. Radon gas is the second leading cause of lung cancer in the U.S. As with asbestos exposure, smoking greatly increases the risk of lung cancer with radon exposure.
- Certain occupations where exposure to arsenic, chromium, nickel, aromatic hydrocarbons, and ethers occurs may increase the risk of lung cancer.
Prostate Cancer Definition,Symptomps,Causes and Treatments
Prostate cancer is a form of cancer that develops in the prostate, a gland in the male reproductive system. The cancer cells may metastasize (spread) from the prostate to other parts of the body, particularly the bones and lymph nodes. Prostate cancer may cause pain, difficulty in urinating, problems during sexual intercourse, or erectile dysfunction. Other symptoms can potentially develop during later stages of the disease.
Rates of detection of prostate cancers vary widely across the world, with South and East Asia detecting less frequently than in Europe, and especially the United States.
Prostate Cancer Symptoms
If the cancer is caught at its earliest stages, most men will not experience any symptoms. Some men, however, will experience symptoms that might indicate the presence of prostate cancer, including:
Because these symptoms can also indicate the presence of other diseases or disorders.
Causes Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is caused by changes in the DNA of a prostate cancer cell. DNA makes up our genes, which control how cells behave. DNA is inherited from our parents. A small percentage (about 5% to 10%) of prostate cancers is linked to these inherited changes. Prostate cancer may also be linked to higher levels of certain hormones. High levels of male hormones (androgens) may play a part in prostate cancer risk in some men. Some researchers have noted that men with high levels of a hormone called IGF-1 are more likely to get prostate cancer, too. But others have not found such a link. More research is needed in this area.
Prostate biopsy
If cancer is suspected, a biopsy is offered. During a biopsy a urologist or radiologist obtains tissue samples from the prostate via the rectum. A biopsy gun inserts and removes special hollow-core needles (usually three to six on each side of the prostate) in less than a second. Prostate biopsies are routinely done on an outpatient basis and rarely require hospitalization. Fifty-five percent of men report discomfort during prostate biopsy.
Treatment Options.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
Rates of detection of prostate cancers vary widely across the world, with South and East Asia detecting less frequently than in Europe, and especially the United States.
Prostate Cancer Symptoms
If the cancer is caught at its earliest stages, most men will not experience any symptoms. Some men, however, will experience symptoms that might indicate the presence of prostate cancer, including:
- A need to urinate frequently, especially at night
- Difficulty starting urination or holding back urine
- Weak or interrupted flow of urine
- Painful or burning urination
- Difficulty in having an erection
- Painful ejaculation
- Blood in urine or semen
- Frequent pain or stiffness in the lower back, hips, or upper thighs.
Because these symptoms can also indicate the presence of other diseases or disorders.
Causes Prostate Cancer
Prostate cancer is caused by changes in the DNA of a prostate cancer cell. DNA makes up our genes, which control how cells behave. DNA is inherited from our parents. A small percentage (about 5% to 10%) of prostate cancers is linked to these inherited changes. Prostate cancer may also be linked to higher levels of certain hormones. High levels of male hormones (androgens) may play a part in prostate cancer risk in some men. Some researchers have noted that men with high levels of a hormone called IGF-1 are more likely to get prostate cancer, too. But others have not found such a link. More research is needed in this area.
Prostate biopsy
If cancer is suspected, a biopsy is offered. During a biopsy a urologist or radiologist obtains tissue samples from the prostate via the rectum. A biopsy gun inserts and removes special hollow-core needles (usually three to six on each side of the prostate) in less than a second. Prostate biopsies are routinely done on an outpatient basis and rarely require hospitalization. Fifty-five percent of men report discomfort during prostate biopsy.
Treatment Options.
Certain factors affect prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options.
The prognosis (chance of recovery) and treatment options depend on the following:
- The stage of the cancer (whether it affects part of the prostate, involves the whole prostate, or has spread to other places in the body).
- The patient’s age and health.
- Whether the cancer has just been diagnosed or has recurred (come back).
Prognosis also depends on the Gleason score and the level of PSA.
Hepatitis B Definition,Symptoms,Causes and Treatments
Serviks Cancer (Cervical Cancer) or neck cancer in the uterus is cancer that occurs in the uterus serviks, a region in the female reproductive organ which is the entrance to the uterus located between the womb (uterus) with coitus vagina.
This cancer usually occurs in women who have aged, but the statistical evidence shows that the uterus neck cancer can also attack the women aged 20-30 years.
Symptoms and Sign of Sign of Cancer-Serviks
Early symptoms are bleeding in the vagina coitus, arising keputihan (Fluor Albus) heavily mixed with blood and not tasty, or pelvic pain and can not dispose of urine.
Causes
Serviks cancer caused by Human Pappilloma Virus (HPV). HPV can be transmitted through sexual relations and often exchange personal equipment, such as shorts or towels. All women who have sexual risk exposure serviks cancer, because the intimate relationship that can occur HPV infection. They are exposed to high risk of cancer serviks is, women who did not undergo screening
Stadium Serviks on Cancer
Stadium cancer is a key factor that determines what the treatment will be taken. Usually, the examination can be made: Radiology image, such as inspection X-Ray, computerized Tomography (CT) Scan or MRI.
Stadium 0
Noninvasive cancer, early cancer is small and only limited to the surface serviks.
Stadium I
Cancer is limited to serviks
Stadium II
Cancer in the stadium include serviks and uterus, but has not spread to the walls of the bottom of the pelvis or vagina
Stadium III
Cancer in this stadium has spread from the uterus and serviks wall to the bottom of the pelvis or vagina.
Stadium IV
At the stadium this cancer has spread to nearby organs, such as the bladder or rectum, or has spread to other areas in the body, such as lung, liver or bones.
This cancer usually occurs in women who have aged, but the statistical evidence shows that the uterus neck cancer can also attack the women aged 20-30 years.
Symptoms and Sign of Sign of Cancer-Serviks
Early symptoms are bleeding in the vagina coitus, arising keputihan (Fluor Albus) heavily mixed with blood and not tasty, or pelvic pain and can not dispose of urine.
Causes
Serviks cancer caused by Human Pappilloma Virus (HPV). HPV can be transmitted through sexual relations and often exchange personal equipment, such as shorts or towels. All women who have sexual risk exposure serviks cancer, because the intimate relationship that can occur HPV infection. They are exposed to high risk of cancer serviks is, women who did not undergo screening
Stadium Serviks on Cancer
Stadium cancer is a key factor that determines what the treatment will be taken. Usually, the examination can be made: Radiology image, such as inspection X-Ray, computerized Tomography (CT) Scan or MRI.
Stadium 0
Noninvasive cancer, early cancer is small and only limited to the surface serviks.
Stadium I
Cancer is limited to serviks
Stadium II
Cancer in the stadium include serviks and uterus, but has not spread to the walls of the bottom of the pelvis or vagina
Stadium III
Cancer in this stadium has spread from the uterus and serviks wall to the bottom of the pelvis or vagina.
Stadium IV
At the stadium this cancer has spread to nearby organs, such as the bladder or rectum, or has spread to other areas in the body, such as lung, liver or bones.
Breast Cancer:Definition,Symptoms,Causes and Treatments
Cancer is a condition in which cells have lost normal control mechanisms and, thus experiencing the growth that is not normal, fast and does not restrained.
In addition, breast cancer (Carcinoma mmmaea) is defined as a disease of malignant neoplasma originating from parenchyma.
There are two main types of breast cancer:
In addition, breast cancer (Carcinoma mmmaea) is defined as a disease of malignant neoplasma originating from parenchyma.
There are two main types of breast cancer:
- Ductal carcinoma starts in the tubes (ducts) that move milk from the breast to the nipple. Most breast cancers are of this type.
- Lobular carcinoma starts in parts of the breast, called lobules, that produce milk.
In rare cases, breast cancer can start in other areas of the breast.
Many breast cancers are sensitive to the hormone estrogen. This means that estrogen causes the breast cancer tumor to grow. Such cancer is called estrogen receptor positive cancer or ER positive cancer.
Some women have what's called HER2-positive breast cancer. HER2 refers to a gene that helps cells grow, divide, and repair themselves. When cells have too many copies of this gene, cells -- including cancer cells -- grow faster. Experts think that women with HER2-positive breast cancer have a more aggressive disease and a higher risk of recurrence than those who do not have this type.
Types
Invasive Breast Cancer
Invasive breast cancers have spread beyond the milk ducts and milk-making glands to other breast tissue.
Breast cancer recurrence (return) is possible after treatment, and it doesn’t always come back to the breast.
Breast cancer is generally seen in women after menopause. But it can strike much earlier.
Breast cancer in pregnancy is very rare. But it can happen. .
The vast majority of breast cancer patients are women. But every year, about 1,700 U.S. men get breast cancer. This article has the facts on male breast cancer.
Inflammatory breast cancer is a rare type of breast cancer in which the breast appears swollen and inflamed. It doesn’t always involve a lump.
Symtomps
Signs and symptoms of breast cancer may include:
- A breast lump or thickening that feels different from the surrounding tissue
- Bloody discharge from the nipple
- Change in the size or shape of a breast
- Changes to the skin over the breast, such as dimpling
- Inverted nipple
- Peeling or flaking of the nipple skin
- Redness or pitting of the skin over your breast, like the skin of an orange
Causes
It's not clear what causes breast cancer. Doctors know that breast cancer occurs when some breast cells begin growing abnormally. These cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells do. The accumulating cells form a tumor that may spread (metastasize) through your breast, to your lymph nodes or to other parts of your body.
It's not clear what causes breast cancer. Doctors know that breast cancer occurs when some breast cells begin growing abnormally. These cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells do. The accumulating cells form a tumor that may spread (metastasize) through your breast, to your lymph nodes or to other parts of your body.
Breast cancer most often begins with cells in the milk-producing ducts. Doctors call this type of breast cancer invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer may also begin in the lobules (invasive lobular carcinoma) or cells within the breast.
Researchers have identified things that can increase your risk of breast cancer. But it's not clear why some people who have no risk factors develop cancer, yet other people with risk factors never do. It's likely that breast cancer is caused by a complex combination of your genetic makeup and your environment.
Doctors estimate that 5 to 10 percent of breast cancers are linked to gene mutation passed through generations of a family. A number of inherited defective genes that can increase the likelihood of breast cancer have been identified. The most common are breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2), both of which increase the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer.
If you have a strong family history of breast cancer or other cancers, blood tests may help identify defective BRCA or other genes that are being passed through your family. Consider asking your doctor for a referral to a genetic counselor who can review your family health history. A genetic counselor can also discuss the benefits, risks and limitations of genetic testing with you.
Breast cancer most often begins with cells in the milk-producing ducts. Doctors call this type of breast cancer invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer may also begin in the lobules (invasive lobular carcinoma) or cells within the breast.
Researchers have identified things that can increase your risk of breast cancer. But it's not clear why some people who have no risk factors develop cancer, yet other people with risk factors never do. It's likely that breast cancer is caused by a complex combination of your genetic makeup and your environment.
If you have a strong family history of breast cancer or other cancers, blood tests may help identify defective BRCA or other genes that are being passed through your family. Consider asking your doctor for a referral to a genetic counselor who can review your family health history. A genetic counselor can also discuss the benefits, risks and limitations of genetic testing with you.
It's not clear what causes breast cancer. Doctors know that breast cancer occurs when some breast cells begin growing abnormally. These cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells do. The accumulating cells form a tumor that may spread (metastasize) through your breast, to your lymph nodes or to other parts of your body.
It's not clear what causes breast cancer. Doctors know that breast cancer occurs when some breast cells begin growing abnormally. These cells divide more rapidly than healthy cells do. The accumulating cells form a tumor that may spread (metastasize) through your breast, to your lymph nodes or to other parts of your body.
Breast cancer most often begins with cells in the milk-producing ducts. Doctors call this type of breast cancer invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer may also begin in the lobules (invasive lobular carcinoma) or cells within the breast.
Researchers have identified things that can increase your risk of breast cancer. But it's not clear why some people who have no risk factors develop cancer, yet other people with risk factors never do. It's likely that breast cancer is caused by a complex combination of your genetic makeup and your environment.
Doctors estimate that 5 to 10 percent of breast cancers are linked to gene mutation passed through generations of a family. A number of inherited defective genes that can increase the likelihood of breast cancer have been identified. The most common are breast cancer gene 1 (BRCA1) and breast cancer gene 2 (BRCA2), both of which increase the risk of both breast and ovarian cancer.
If you have a strong family history of breast cancer or other cancers, blood tests may help identify defective BRCA or other genes that are being passed through your family. Consider asking your doctor for a referral to a genetic counselor who can review your family health history. A genetic counselor can also discuss the benefits, risks and limitations of genetic testing with you.
Breast cancer most often begins with cells in the milk-producing ducts. Doctors call this type of breast cancer invasive ductal carcinoma. Breast cancer may also begin in the lobules (invasive lobular carcinoma) or cells within the breast.
Researchers have identified things that can increase your risk of breast cancer. But it's not clear why some people who have no risk factors develop cancer, yet other people with risk factors never do. It's likely that breast cancer is caused by a complex combination of your genetic makeup and your environment.
If you have a strong family history of breast cancer or other cancers, blood tests may help identify defective BRCA or other genes that are being passed through your family. Consider asking your doctor for a referral to a genetic counselor who can review your family health history. A genetic counselor can also discuss the benefits, risks and limitations of genetic testing with you.
Chemotherapy and Radiotherapy for Cancer of the Colon
If you have cancer of the colon or rectum, your doctor will probably talk to you about various treatment options. Surgery to remove the tumor is usually the main treatment for colon and rectal cancer. Chemotherapy (treatment with drugs that kill cancer cells) is often used when there is a risk that the colon or rectal cancer will come back. Radiotherapy (treatment with x-rays that kill cancer cells) may be used either before or after surgery for rectal cancer. Sometimes both radiotherapy and chemotherapy are used after surgery.
Chemotherapy combo outcomes differ for aged, younger colon cancer patients
Jeffrey Meyerhardt, MD, MPH, co-investigator on the trial
Jeffrey Meyerhardt, MD, MPH, co-investigator on the trial.
The combination of chemotherapies 5FU and oxaliplatin compared to 5FU alone after surgery for colon cancer decreases colon cancer recurrence and promotes longer survival for patients under 70 — but not for those who are older, according to Mayo Clinic and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute scientists who will present their findings at the American Society of Clinical Oncology's (ASCO) annual meeting in Orlando, Fla.
Our bodies are made up of billions of cells that grow, divide, and then die in a predictable manner. Cancer occurs when something goes wrong with this system, causing uncontrolled cell division and growth. Chemotherapy literally means "chemical treatment" and is one way to help the body kill off cancer cells and try to keep them from dividing (making more of themselves).
The reason people tend to lose their hair during chemotherapy is that many chemo drugs don't discriminate: They target all cells that divide rapidly. Our hair falls out all the time. We just don't usually notice because our hair cells reproduce quickly and make more to replace what we've lost. But when a chemo drug reduces rapid cell division across the board, the "good" cells end up taking one for the team.
Chemotherapy combo outcomes differ for aged, younger colon cancer patients
Jeffrey Meyerhardt, MD, MPH, co-investigator on the trial
Jeffrey Meyerhardt, MD, MPH, co-investigator on the trial.
The combination of chemotherapies 5FU and oxaliplatin compared to 5FU alone after surgery for colon cancer decreases colon cancer recurrence and promotes longer survival for patients under 70 — but not for those who are older, according to Mayo Clinic and Dana-Farber Cancer Institute scientists who will present their findings at the American Society of Clinical Oncology's (ASCO) annual meeting in Orlando, Fla.
Our bodies are made up of billions of cells that grow, divide, and then die in a predictable manner. Cancer occurs when something goes wrong with this system, causing uncontrolled cell division and growth. Chemotherapy literally means "chemical treatment" and is one way to help the body kill off cancer cells and try to keep them from dividing (making more of themselves).
The reason people tend to lose their hair during chemotherapy is that many chemo drugs don't discriminate: They target all cells that divide rapidly. Our hair falls out all the time. We just don't usually notice because our hair cells reproduce quickly and make more to replace what we've lost. But when a chemo drug reduces rapid cell division across the board, the "good" cells end up taking one for the team.
Cancer Colon Information, Research, and Treatment for all Types
The colon, in four sections, makes up the majority of the 5-foot length of the large intestine. In the alimentary canal (the path that food follows through your body), the colon follows the small intestine and comes before the rectum. The colon is responsible for absorbing water, vitamins, and minerals from the intestinal contents and conserving them. It also mixes the intestinal contents, forms stools, and rids the body of undigested material.
Tumors of the colon and rectum are growths arising from the inner wall of the large intestine. Benign tumors of the large intestine are called polyps. Malignant tumors of the large intestine are called cancers. Benign polyps do not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. Benign polyps can be easily removed during colonoscopy and are not life-threatening. If benign polyps are not removed from the large intestine, they can become malignant (cancerous) over time. Most of the cancers of the large intestine are believed to have developed from polyps. Cancer of the colon and rectum (also referred to as colorectal cancer) can invade and damage adjacent tissues and organs. Cancer cells can also break away and spread to other parts of the body (such as liver and lung) where new tumors form. The spread of colon cancer to distant organs is called metastasis of the colon cancer.
Colon cancer usually forms from the formation of polyps in the various parts of the colon, or the large bowel. Polyps are soft tissues which can become malignant over time. There are various kinds of colon cancer related to heredity, and most of tehm are caused by colonic polyps. Adenomatous Polyposis, as well the Gardner’s syndrome, is considered one of the more common types of this colon cancer.
Causes
In general, cancer occurs when healthy cells become altered. Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way to keep your body functioning normally. But sometimes this growth gets out of control — cells continue dividing even when new cells aren't needed. In the colon and rectum, this exaggerated growth may cause precancerous cells to form in the lining of your intestine. Over a long period of time — spanning up to several years — some of these areas of abnormal cells may become cancerous. In later stages of the disease, colon cancer may penetrate the colon walls and spread (metastasize) to nearby lymph nodes or other organs. As with most cancers, the exact cause for colon cancer is unknown.
Several types of colon polyps
Several types of colon polyps exist. Among the most common are:
Tumors of the colon and rectum are growths arising from the inner wall of the large intestine. Benign tumors of the large intestine are called polyps. Malignant tumors of the large intestine are called cancers. Benign polyps do not invade nearby tissue or spread to other parts of the body. Benign polyps can be easily removed during colonoscopy and are not life-threatening. If benign polyps are not removed from the large intestine, they can become malignant (cancerous) over time. Most of the cancers of the large intestine are believed to have developed from polyps. Cancer of the colon and rectum (also referred to as colorectal cancer) can invade and damage adjacent tissues and organs. Cancer cells can also break away and spread to other parts of the body (such as liver and lung) where new tumors form. The spread of colon cancer to distant organs is called metastasis of the colon cancer.
Colon cancer usually forms from the formation of polyps in the various parts of the colon, or the large bowel. Polyps are soft tissues which can become malignant over time. There are various kinds of colon cancer related to heredity, and most of tehm are caused by colonic polyps. Adenomatous Polyposis, as well the Gardner’s syndrome, is considered one of the more common types of this colon cancer.
Causes
In general, cancer occurs when healthy cells become altered. Healthy cells grow and divide in an orderly way to keep your body functioning normally. But sometimes this growth gets out of control — cells continue dividing even when new cells aren't needed. In the colon and rectum, this exaggerated growth may cause precancerous cells to form in the lining of your intestine. Over a long period of time — spanning up to several years — some of these areas of abnormal cells may become cancerous. In later stages of the disease, colon cancer may penetrate the colon walls and spread (metastasize) to nearby lymph nodes or other organs. As with most cancers, the exact cause for colon cancer is unknown.
Several types of colon polyps
Several types of colon polyps exist. Among the most common are:
- Adenomas. These polyps have the potential to become cancerous and are usually removed during screening tests such as flexible sigmoidoscopy or colonoscopy.
- Hyperplastic polyps. These polyps are rarely, if ever, a risk factor for colorectal cancer.
- Inflammatory polyps. These polyps may follow a bout of ulcerative colitis. Some inflammatory polyps may become cancerous, so having ulcerative colitis increases your overall risk of colon cancer.
Hepatitis C Definition,Symptoms Causes and Treatment
Hepatitis C is one of six identified hepatitis viruses — the others are A, B, D, E and G. All cause the liver to become inflamed, which interferes with its ability to function. Hepatitis C is generally considered to be among the most serious of these viruses.
Infants born to mothers known to carry hepatitis B can be treated with antibodies to the hepatitis B virus (hepatitis B immune globulin or HBIg). When given with the vaccine within twelve hours of birth, the risk of acquiring hepatitis B is reduced 95%. This treatment allows a mother to safely breastfeed her child.
Causes
Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). People who may be at risk for hepatitis C are those who:
Infants born to mothers known to carry hepatitis B can be treated with antibodies to the hepatitis B virus (hepatitis B immune globulin or HBIg). When given with the vaccine within twelve hours of birth, the risk of acquiring hepatitis B is reduced 95%. This treatment allows a mother to safely breastfeed her child.
Causes
Hepatitis C infection is caused by the hepatitis C virus (HCV). People who may be at risk for hepatitis C are those who:
- Have unprotected sexual contact with a person who has hepatitis C
- Have regular contact with blood at work (for instance, as a health care worker)
- Have been on long-term kidney dialysis
- Inject street drugs or share a needle with someone who has hepatitis C
- Share personal items such as toothbrushes and razors with someone who has hepatitis C
- Received blood, blood products, or solid organs from a donor who has hepatitis C
- Were born to a hepatitis C-infected mother
Sypmtoms
Early-stage signs and symptoms
Commonly, hepatitis C infection produces no signs or symptoms during its earliest stages. When it does, they're generally mild and flu-like and may include:
* Slight fatigue
* Nausea or poor appetite
* Muscle and joint pains
* Tenderness in the area of your liver
Later stage signs and symptoms
Even if you develop chronic hepatitis from the hepatitis C virus, you may have few, if any, symptoms. In many cases, signs and symptoms may not appear for decades. Sometimes, though, you may experience one or more of the following:
* Fatigue
* Lack of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Persistent or recurring yellowing of your skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Low-grade fever
Hepatitis C can cause damage to your liver, even if you don't have symptoms. You're also able to pass the virus to others without having any symptoms yourself. That's why it's important to be tested if you think you've been exposed to hepatitis C or if you engage in behavior that puts you at risk.
Treatment
There is a very small chance of clearing the virus spontaneously in chronic HCV carriers (0.5 to 0.74% per year),however, the majority of patients with chronic hepatitis C will not clear it without treatment.
Current treatment is a combination of pegylated interferon alpha (brand names Pegasys and PEG-Intron) and the antiviral drug ribavirin for a period of 24 or 48 weeks, depending on genotype. Indications for treatment include patients with proven hepatitis C virus infection and persistent abnormal liver function tests. Sustained cure rates (sustained viral response) of 75% or better occur in people with genotypes HCV 2 and 3 in 24 weeks of treatment, about 50% in those with genotype 1 with 48 weeks of treatment and 65% for those with genotype 4 in 48 weeks of treatment. About 80% of hepatitis C patients in the United States have genotype 1. Genotype 4 is more common in the Middle East and Africa. Should treatment with pegylated interferon + ribavirin not return a 2-log viral reduction or complete clearance of RNA (termed early virological response) after 12 weeks for genotype 1, the chance of treatment success is less than 1%. Early virological response is typically not tested for in non-genotype 1 patients, as the chances of attaining it are greater than 90%. The mechanism of action is not entirely clear, because even patients who appear to have had a sustained virological response still have actively replicating virus in their liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
The evidence for treatment in genotype 6 disease is currently sparse, and the evidence that exists is for 48 weeks of treatment at the same doses as are used for genotype 1 disease.[23] Physicians considering shorter durations of treatment (e.g., 24 weeks) should do so within the context of a clinical trial.
Treatment during the acute infection phase has much higher success rates (greater than 90%) with a shorter duration of treatment; however, this must be balanced against the 15-40% chance of spontaneous clearance without treatment (see Acute Hepatitis C section above).
Those with low initial viral loads respond much better to treatment than those with higher viral loads (greater than 400,000 IU/mL). Current combination therapy is usually supervised by physicians in the fields of gastroenterology, hepatology or infectious disease.
Early-stage signs and symptoms
Commonly, hepatitis C infection produces no signs or symptoms during its earliest stages. When it does, they're generally mild and flu-like and may include:
* Slight fatigue
* Nausea or poor appetite
* Muscle and joint pains
* Tenderness in the area of your liver
Later stage signs and symptoms
Even if you develop chronic hepatitis from the hepatitis C virus, you may have few, if any, symptoms. In many cases, signs and symptoms may not appear for decades. Sometimes, though, you may experience one or more of the following:
* Fatigue
* Lack of appetite
* Nausea and vomiting
* Persistent or recurring yellowing of your skin and eyes (jaundice)
* Low-grade fever
Hepatitis C can cause damage to your liver, even if you don't have symptoms. You're also able to pass the virus to others without having any symptoms yourself. That's why it's important to be tested if you think you've been exposed to hepatitis C or if you engage in behavior that puts you at risk.
Treatment
There is a very small chance of clearing the virus spontaneously in chronic HCV carriers (0.5 to 0.74% per year),however, the majority of patients with chronic hepatitis C will not clear it without treatment.
Current treatment is a combination of pegylated interferon alpha (brand names Pegasys and PEG-Intron) and the antiviral drug ribavirin for a period of 24 or 48 weeks, depending on genotype. Indications for treatment include patients with proven hepatitis C virus infection and persistent abnormal liver function tests. Sustained cure rates (sustained viral response) of 75% or better occur in people with genotypes HCV 2 and 3 in 24 weeks of treatment, about 50% in those with genotype 1 with 48 weeks of treatment and 65% for those with genotype 4 in 48 weeks of treatment. About 80% of hepatitis C patients in the United States have genotype 1. Genotype 4 is more common in the Middle East and Africa. Should treatment with pegylated interferon + ribavirin not return a 2-log viral reduction or complete clearance of RNA (termed early virological response) after 12 weeks for genotype 1, the chance of treatment success is less than 1%. Early virological response is typically not tested for in non-genotype 1 patients, as the chances of attaining it are greater than 90%. The mechanism of action is not entirely clear, because even patients who appear to have had a sustained virological response still have actively replicating virus in their liver and peripheral blood mononuclear cells.
The evidence for treatment in genotype 6 disease is currently sparse, and the evidence that exists is for 48 weeks of treatment at the same doses as are used for genotype 1 disease.[23] Physicians considering shorter durations of treatment (e.g., 24 weeks) should do so within the context of a clinical trial.
Treatment during the acute infection phase has much higher success rates (greater than 90%) with a shorter duration of treatment; however, this must be balanced against the 15-40% chance of spontaneous clearance without treatment (see Acute Hepatitis C section above).
Those with low initial viral loads respond much better to treatment than those with higher viral loads (greater than 400,000 IU/mL). Current combination therapy is usually supervised by physicians in the fields of gastroenterology, hepatology or infectious disease.
Hepatitis A Definition,symptomps,Causes and Treatments
Hepatitis A virus was a common childhood infection in the early 20th Century but now in the 21st century it is an unusual infection in the UK. It is normally spread by the faecal-oral route but can also be spread occasionally through blood. Infection is prevented by good hygiene, especially hand washing, safe drinking water and food. Vaccination, passive or active, can be used to prevent groups at high risk including people who have been in contact with someone else who has the infection, travellers to countries where the infection is common, and other groups such as injecting drug users.
Hepatitis is a general term that means inflammation of the liver. Inflammation of the liver can result from infection, from exposure to alcohol, certain medications, chemicals, or poisons, or from a disorder of the immune system.
Hepatitis A refers to liver inflammation caused by infection with the hepatitis A virus (HAV). HAV is one of several viruses that can cause hepatitis and is one of the 3 most common hepatitis viruses in the United States. The other 2 are hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
How is hepatitis A spread?
Hepatitis A is typically spread through contact with infected feces. You can get infected through close contact with an infected person (for example, changing a diaper or having sexual contact), even if that person does not have any symptoms. In fact, hepatitis A is most contagious before symptoms appear. You can also get infected by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. The virus can live on hands, in water and in soil. Hepatitis A is common in developing countries.
How is hepatitis A treated?
There is no specific medicine to treat or cure hepatitis A. If you have the virus, you should get plenty of rest, eat a balanced diet and avoid alcohol and acetaminophen (one brand: Tylenol). Both alcohol and medicines like acetaminophen are broken down by the liver and may increase the speed of liver damage in people who have hepatitis.
Talk with your doctor about any other over-the-counter medicines you are taking, as they may need to be changed or stopped while you have the virus.
How can I keep from getting hepatitis A?
Ask your doctor about the hepatitis A vaccine. The shot is safe for anyone over 2 years of age and can provide protection for up to 20 years.
Wash your hands with soap and warm water before and after cooking, after using the bathroom and after changing diapers.
Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating and avoid raw or undercooked meat and fish.
If you come into contact with someone who has hepatitis A and you have never had the virus or the vaccine, you should see your doctor right away. He or she can give you a shot that will help keep you from getting sick.
Hepatitis is a general term that means inflammation of the liver. Inflammation of the liver can result from infection, from exposure to alcohol, certain medications, chemicals, or poisons, or from a disorder of the immune system.
Hepatitis A refers to liver inflammation caused by infection with the hepatitis A virus (HAV). HAV is one of several viruses that can cause hepatitis and is one of the 3 most common hepatitis viruses in the United States. The other 2 are hepatitis B and hepatitis C.
How is hepatitis A spread?
Hepatitis A is typically spread through contact with infected feces. You can get infected through close contact with an infected person (for example, changing a diaper or having sexual contact), even if that person does not have any symptoms. In fact, hepatitis A is most contagious before symptoms appear. You can also get infected by eating contaminated food or drinking contaminated water. The virus can live on hands, in water and in soil. Hepatitis A is common in developing countries.
How is hepatitis A treated?
There is no specific medicine to treat or cure hepatitis A. If you have the virus, you should get plenty of rest, eat a balanced diet and avoid alcohol and acetaminophen (one brand: Tylenol). Both alcohol and medicines like acetaminophen are broken down by the liver and may increase the speed of liver damage in people who have hepatitis.
Talk with your doctor about any other over-the-counter medicines you are taking, as they may need to be changed or stopped while you have the virus.
How can I keep from getting hepatitis A?
Ask your doctor about the hepatitis A vaccine. The shot is safe for anyone over 2 years of age and can provide protection for up to 20 years.
Wash your hands with soap and warm water before and after cooking, after using the bathroom and after changing diapers.
Wash fruits and vegetables thoroughly before eating and avoid raw or undercooked meat and fish.
If you come into contact with someone who has hepatitis A and you have never had the virus or the vaccine, you should see your doctor right away. He or she can give you a shot that will help keep you from getting sick.
Diabetes Melitus Definition,Symtomps,Causes and Treatments
DEFINITION OF DIABETES MELITUS
Diabetes mellitus is a condition in which the pancreas no longer produces enough insulin or cells stop responding to the insulin that is produced, so that glucose in the blood cannot be absorbed into the cells of the body. Symptoms include frequent urination, lethargy, excessive thirst, and hunger. The treatment includes changes in diet, oral medications, and in some cases, daily injections of insulin.
Description
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that causes serious health complications including renal (kidney) failure, heart disease, stroke, and blindness. Approximately 17 million Americans have diabetes. Unfortunately, as many as one-half are unaware they have it.
Background
Every cell in the human body needs energy in order to function. The body's primary energy source is glucose, a simple sugar resulting from the digestion of foods containing carbohydrates (sugars and starches). Glucose from the digested food circulates in the blood as a ready energy source for any cells that need it. Insulin is a hormone or chemical produced by cells in the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. Insulin bonds to a receptor site on the outside of cell and acts like a key to open a doorway into the cell through which glucose can enter. Some of the glucose can be converted to concentrated energy sources like glycogen or fatty acids and saved for later use. When there is not enough insulin produced or when the doorway no longer recognizes the insulin key, glucose stays in the blood rather entering the cells.
The body will attempt to dilute the high level of glucose in the blood, a condition called hyperglycemia, by drawing water out of the cells and into the bloodstream in an effort to dilute the sugar and excrete it in the urine. It is not unusual for people with undiagnosed diabetes to be constantly thirsty, drink large quantities of water, and urinate frequently as their bodies try to get rid of the extra glucose. This creates high levels of glucose in the urine.
At the same time that the body is trying to get rid of glucose from the blood, the cells are starving for glucose and sending signals to the body to eat more food, thus making patients extremely hungry. To provide energy for the starving cells, the body also tries to convert fats and proteins to glucose. The breakdown of fats and proteins for energy causes acid compounds called ketones to form in the blood. Ketones also will be excreted in the urine. As ketones build up in the blood, a condition called ketoacidosis can occur. This condition can be life threatening if left untreated, leading to coma and death.
THE CAUSES OF DIABETES MELITUS
The pancreas secretes exocrine (digestive) hormones, as well as the endocrine glucose-controlling hormones insulin and glucagon. Depending on the secretion of these hormones, glucose is either stored in a particular section of the liver or absorbed by the body's cells to generate heat and vital energy.
Diabetes manifests when:
1. The insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas fail to produce enough insulin.
2. The liver becomes too weak to provide adequate storage space for glucose. The vitality of the liver may be weakened by chronic indigestion, constipation (here the stool usually turns into pellets), mental exertion with little or no physical exercise, alcohol and other intoxicants, and excessive seminal waste.
3. Less commonly, the body's muscle cells fail to absorb glucose from the blood.
For whatever reason, the result is an abnormally high level of glucose in the blood and the consequent disturbance of all the other body systems.
TREATMENT
To compensate for the high blood sugar levels, the body tries to expel the excess glucose in the urine. This leads to a high urine flow and loss of body water. That's why sufferers of diabetes often have a continuous thirst. Sugar expelled with the urine in large quantities gradually reduces the vitality of the patient. Insulin may increase the vital energy of the body but can never cure the disease.
There is currently no cure for diabetes. The condition, however, can be managed so that patients can live a relatively normal life. Treatment of diabetes focuses on two goals: keeping blood glucose within normal range and preventing the development of long-term complications. Careful monitoring of diet, exercise, and blood glucose levels are as important as the use of insulin or oral medications in preventing complications of diabetes. In 2003, the American Diabetes Association updated its Standards of Care for the management of diabetes. These standards help manage health care providers in the most recent recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Description
Diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that causes serious health complications including renal (kidney) failure, heart disease, stroke, and blindness. Approximately 17 million Americans have diabetes. Unfortunately, as many as one-half are unaware they have it.
Background
Every cell in the human body needs energy in order to function. The body's primary energy source is glucose, a simple sugar resulting from the digestion of foods containing carbohydrates (sugars and starches). Glucose from the digested food circulates in the blood as a ready energy source for any cells that need it. Insulin is a hormone or chemical produced by cells in the pancreas, an organ located behind the stomach. Insulin bonds to a receptor site on the outside of cell and acts like a key to open a doorway into the cell through which glucose can enter. Some of the glucose can be converted to concentrated energy sources like glycogen or fatty acids and saved for later use. When there is not enough insulin produced or when the doorway no longer recognizes the insulin key, glucose stays in the blood rather entering the cells.
The body will attempt to dilute the high level of glucose in the blood, a condition called hyperglycemia, by drawing water out of the cells and into the bloodstream in an effort to dilute the sugar and excrete it in the urine. It is not unusual for people with undiagnosed diabetes to be constantly thirsty, drink large quantities of water, and urinate frequently as their bodies try to get rid of the extra glucose. This creates high levels of glucose in the urine.
At the same time that the body is trying to get rid of glucose from the blood, the cells are starving for glucose and sending signals to the body to eat more food, thus making patients extremely hungry. To provide energy for the starving cells, the body also tries to convert fats and proteins to glucose. The breakdown of fats and proteins for energy causes acid compounds called ketones to form in the blood. Ketones also will be excreted in the urine. As ketones build up in the blood, a condition called ketoacidosis can occur. This condition can be life threatening if left untreated, leading to coma and death.
THE CAUSES OF DIABETES MELITUS
The pancreas secretes exocrine (digestive) hormones, as well as the endocrine glucose-controlling hormones insulin and glucagon. Depending on the secretion of these hormones, glucose is either stored in a particular section of the liver or absorbed by the body's cells to generate heat and vital energy.
Diabetes manifests when:
1. The insulin-secreting cells of the pancreas fail to produce enough insulin.
2. The liver becomes too weak to provide adequate storage space for glucose. The vitality of the liver may be weakened by chronic indigestion, constipation (here the stool usually turns into pellets), mental exertion with little or no physical exercise, alcohol and other intoxicants, and excessive seminal waste.
3. Less commonly, the body's muscle cells fail to absorb glucose from the blood.
For whatever reason, the result is an abnormally high level of glucose in the blood and the consequent disturbance of all the other body systems.
TREATMENT
To compensate for the high blood sugar levels, the body tries to expel the excess glucose in the urine. This leads to a high urine flow and loss of body water. That's why sufferers of diabetes often have a continuous thirst. Sugar expelled with the urine in large quantities gradually reduces the vitality of the patient. Insulin may increase the vital energy of the body but can never cure the disease.
There is currently no cure for diabetes. The condition, however, can be managed so that patients can live a relatively normal life. Treatment of diabetes focuses on two goals: keeping blood glucose within normal range and preventing the development of long-term complications. Careful monitoring of diet, exercise, and blood glucose levels are as important as the use of insulin or oral medications in preventing complications of diabetes. In 2003, the American Diabetes Association updated its Standards of Care for the management of diabetes. These standards help manage health care providers in the most recent recommendations for diagnosis and treatment of the disease.
Selasa, 28 Juli 2009
Hepatitis B Definition,Symptoms Causes and Treatment
Hepatitis B is a viral infection that attacks the liver and can cause both acute and chronic disease.
The virus is transmitted through contact with the blood or other body fluids of an infected person - not through casual contact. The virus can be transmitted whenever any of these bodily fluids come in contact with the broken skin or a mucous membrane (in the mouth, genital organs, or rectum) of an uninfected person.
Originally known as "serum hepatitis",the disease has caused epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa, and it is endemic in China. About a third of the world's population, more than 2 billion people, have been infected with the hepatitis B virus. This includes 350 million chronic carriers of the virus.Transmission of hepatitis B virus results from exposure to infectious blood or body fluids containing blood.
Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. It is a major global health problem and the most serious type of viral hepatitis. It can cause chronic liver disease and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer.
Causes
Having hepatitis means that your liver has become inflamed. Hepatitis can be caused by a number of things including:
Originally known as "serum hepatitis",the disease has caused epidemics in parts of Asia and Africa, and it is endemic in China. About a third of the world's population, more than 2 billion people, have been infected with the hepatitis B virus. This includes 350 million chronic carriers of the virus.Transmission of hepatitis B virus results from exposure to infectious blood or body fluids containing blood.
Hepatitis B is a potentially life-threatening liver infection caused by the hepatitis B virus. It is a major global health problem and the most serious type of viral hepatitis. It can cause chronic liver disease and puts people at high risk of death from cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer.
Causes
Having hepatitis means that your liver has become inflamed. Hepatitis can be caused by a number of things including:
- drinking too much alcohol (the most common cause of liver damage)
- a virus infection, such as hepatitis B
- the body’s own immune system – a liver disease called autoimmune hepatitis
- the side effects of some drugs and chemicals.
Symptomps
Hepatitis B virus can cause an acute illness with symptoms that last several weeks, including yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. People can take several months to a year to recover from the symptoms. HBV can also cause a chronic liver infection that can later develop into cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer.
The hepatitis B virus is transmitted through contact with the blood and body fluids of someone who is infected. You're especially at risk if you are an intravenous (IV) drug user who shares needles or other paraphernalia, have unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner, or were born in or travel to parts of the world where hepatitis B is widespread. In addition, women with HBV can pass the infection to their babies during childbirth.
Vaccine
The hepatitis B vaccine should be given to anyone 18 years of age or younger who has not previously received it. Adoptees from countries where HBV infection is common should be tested for hepatitis B infection and vaccinated if not immune.
The hepatitis B vaccine is given as a series of three injections in the upper arm or leg.
Hepatitis B virus can cause an acute illness with symptoms that last several weeks, including yellowing of the skin and eyes (jaundice), dark urine, extreme fatigue, nausea, vomiting and abdominal pain. People can take several months to a year to recover from the symptoms. HBV can also cause a chronic liver infection that can later develop into cirrhosis of the liver or liver cancer.
The hepatitis B virus is transmitted through contact with the blood and body fluids of someone who is infected. You're especially at risk if you are an intravenous (IV) drug user who shares needles or other paraphernalia, have unprotected sexual contact with an infected partner, or were born in or travel to parts of the world where hepatitis B is widespread. In addition, women with HBV can pass the infection to their babies during childbirth.
Vaccine
The hepatitis B vaccine should be given to anyone 18 years of age or younger who has not previously received it. Adoptees from countries where HBV infection is common should be tested for hepatitis B infection and vaccinated if not immune.
The hepatitis B vaccine is given as a series of three injections in the upper arm or leg.
- The time between the first and second shot should be at least 1 month.
- The time between the second and third shots should be at least 2 months. Ideally, it should be 4 months or more.
- At least 4 months should go by between the first and third shots.
Treatment
Acute hepatitis B infection does not usually require treatment because most adults clear the infection spontaneously.Early antiviral treatment may only be required in fewer than 1% of patients, whose infection takes a very aggressive course ("fulminant hepatitis") or who are immunocompromised. On the other hand, treatment of chronic infection may be necessary to reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Chronically infected individuals with persistently elevated serum alanine aminotransferase, a marker of liver damage, and HBV DNA levels are candidates for therapy.
Although none of the available drugs can clear the infection, they can stop the virus from replicating, and minimize liver damage such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Currently, there are seven medications licensed for treatment of hepatitis B infection in the United States. These include antiviral drugs lamivudine (Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera), tenofovir (Viread), telbivudine (Tyzeka) and entecavir (Baraclude) and the two immune system modulators interferon alpha-2a and pegylated interferon alfa-2a (Pegasys). The use of interferon, which requires injections daily or thrice weekly, has been supplanted by long-acting pegylated interferon, which is injected only once weekly.[37] However, some individuals are much more likely to respond than others and this might be because of the genotype of the infecting virus or the patient's heredity. The treatment works by reducing the viral load, (the amount of virus particles as measured in the blood), which in turn reduces viral replication in the liver.
Acute hepatitis B infection does not usually require treatment because most adults clear the infection spontaneously.Early antiviral treatment may only be required in fewer than 1% of patients, whose infection takes a very aggressive course ("fulminant hepatitis") or who are immunocompromised. On the other hand, treatment of chronic infection may be necessary to reduce the risk of cirrhosis and liver cancer. Chronically infected individuals with persistently elevated serum alanine aminotransferase, a marker of liver damage, and HBV DNA levels are candidates for therapy.
Although none of the available drugs can clear the infection, they can stop the virus from replicating, and minimize liver damage such as cirrhosis and liver cancer. Currently, there are seven medications licensed for treatment of hepatitis B infection in the United States. These include antiviral drugs lamivudine (Epivir), adefovir (Hepsera), tenofovir (Viread), telbivudine (Tyzeka) and entecavir (Baraclude) and the two immune system modulators interferon alpha-2a and pegylated interferon alfa-2a (Pegasys). The use of interferon, which requires injections daily or thrice weekly, has been supplanted by long-acting pegylated interferon, which is injected only once weekly.[37] However, some individuals are much more likely to respond than others and this might be because of the genotype of the infecting virus or the patient's heredity. The treatment works by reducing the viral load, (the amount of virus particles as measured in the blood), which in turn reduces viral replication in the liver.
Definition of Hepatitis A
Hepatitis A is acute infectious disease in the liver caused by hepatitis A virus, most often transmitted by fecal-oral route via food or drinking water. hepatitis A causes liver inflammation that affects your ability to function.
Hepatitis A virus infection can cause various diseases of the light through the non-specific nausea and vomiting to hepatitis (liver inflammation). Symptoms of severe disease that, in general, their parents when they are infected. Hepatitis A infection in the liver is a very contagious infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. Although not usually as serious as the type of hepatitis virus, Each year, about 10 million people worldwide infected with the virus. Hepatitis A is usually an acute (short term) infection, and though the symptoms can be unpleasant it is very rarely serious.
Hepatitis A can occur at any age. The incubation period (the time from coming into contact with the virus to developing the infection) is approximately between two and six weeks.
Mild cases of hepatitis A does not require treatment, and most people who become infected recover completely with no permanent liver damage. Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not develop into chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis - both potentially fatal conditions.
* Wash hands thoroughly after using the toilet. Scrub vigorously for at least 10 seconds, and rinse well. If possible, dry your hands with a towel once.
Receive Immune globulin or a hepatitis vaccine. One way to protect yourself is to receive an injection of Immune globulin - a preparation of antibodies - or a hepatitis vaccine can prevent Hepatitis A pinularan
Hepatitis A virus infection can cause various diseases of the light through the non-specific nausea and vomiting to hepatitis (liver inflammation). Symptoms of severe disease that, in general, their parents when they are infected. Hepatitis A infection in the liver is a very contagious infection caused by the hepatitis A virus. Although not usually as serious as the type of hepatitis virus, Each year, about 10 million people worldwide infected with the virus. Hepatitis A is usually an acute (short term) infection, and though the symptoms can be unpleasant it is very rarely serious.
Hepatitis A can occur at any age. The incubation period (the time from coming into contact with the virus to developing the infection) is approximately between two and six weeks.
Mild cases of hepatitis A does not require treatment, and most people who become infected recover completely with no permanent liver damage. Unlike hepatitis B and C, hepatitis A does not develop into chronic hepatitis or cirrhosis - both potentially fatal conditions.
* Wash hands thoroughly after using the toilet. Scrub vigorously for at least 10 seconds, and rinse well. If possible, dry your hands with a towel once.
Receive Immune globulin or a hepatitis vaccine. One way to protect yourself is to receive an injection of Immune globulin - a preparation of antibodies - or a hepatitis vaccine can prevent Hepatitis A pinularan
Hepatitis Definition,Symptomps,Causes and Treatments
Hepatitis means inflammation of the language of the heart, Hepatitis can also be caused by toxins (especially alcohol), a group of viruses known as hepatitis viruses that cause most cases of liver damage worldwide. Hepatitis (plural hepatitides) shows the wound in the heart is marked with the inflammatory cells in the network of organs. While Hepatitis is acute when it lasts less than six months and chronic if it lasts longer. other infections or from autoimmune process. It may run a subclinical course when the affected person may not feel sick. Patients become unwell and symptomatic when the disease impairs liver functions that include, among others, removal of harmful substances, regulation of blood composition, and production of bile to help digestion.
Hepatitis usually occurs because the virus, especially one of the five hepatitis viruses, namely A, B, C, D or E. Hepatitis can also occur due to virus infection, such as mononukleosis infeksiosa, yellow fever and infection sitomegalovirus. The cause of non-hepatitis virus is a primary alcohol and drugs.
Type of Hepatitis Virus
* Virus hepatitis A
Hepatitis A virus mainly spread through feces. Caused the spread of this poor level of hygiene. In developing countries often outbreaks occur through the distribution of food and water.
* Virus hepatitis B
Penularannya not virus hepatitis A. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted through blood or blood products. Infection usually occurs among drug users who use syringe together, or between sexual partners (both gay men and heteroseksual).
Pregnant women are infected by hepatitis B can transmit the virus to the baby during childbirth. Hepatitis B can be transmitted by healthy people carry the virus of hepatitis B. In the Far East region and Africa, hepatitis B cases develop into chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer.
* Virus hepatitis C
Cause at least 80% cases of hepatitis due to blood transfusion. Hepatitis C virus is most commonly transmitted through drug users who use needles all together. Rarely occur through sexual transmission. For reasons that are still unclear, people with "heart disease alkoholik" often suffered from hepatitis C.
* Virus hepatitis D
Only occur as a co-infection of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus is the hepatitis B infection becomes more serious. That have a high risk of this virus is habitue drugs.
* Virus hepatitis E
Hepatitis E virus sometimes causes outbreaks of hepatitis A-like, which only happens in backward countries.
* Virus hepatitis G
New type of hepatitis virus that have been detected recently.
(wikipedia)
Hepatitis usually occurs because the virus, especially one of the five hepatitis viruses, namely A, B, C, D or E. Hepatitis can also occur due to virus infection, such as mononukleosis infeksiosa, yellow fever and infection sitomegalovirus. The cause of non-hepatitis virus is a primary alcohol and drugs.
Type of Hepatitis Virus
* Virus hepatitis A
Hepatitis A virus mainly spread through feces. Caused the spread of this poor level of hygiene. In developing countries often outbreaks occur through the distribution of food and water.
* Virus hepatitis B
Penularannya not virus hepatitis A. Hepatitis B virus is transmitted through blood or blood products. Infection usually occurs among drug users who use syringe together, or between sexual partners (both gay men and heteroseksual).
Pregnant women are infected by hepatitis B can transmit the virus to the baby during childbirth. Hepatitis B can be transmitted by healthy people carry the virus of hepatitis B. In the Far East region and Africa, hepatitis B cases develop into chronic hepatitis, cirrhosis and liver cancer.
* Virus hepatitis C
Cause at least 80% cases of hepatitis due to blood transfusion. Hepatitis C virus is most commonly transmitted through drug users who use needles all together. Rarely occur through sexual transmission. For reasons that are still unclear, people with "heart disease alkoholik" often suffered from hepatitis C.
* Virus hepatitis D
Only occur as a co-infection of hepatitis B virus and hepatitis D virus is the hepatitis B infection becomes more serious. That have a high risk of this virus is habitue drugs.
* Virus hepatitis E
Hepatitis E virus sometimes causes outbreaks of hepatitis A-like, which only happens in backward countries.
* Virus hepatitis G
New type of hepatitis virus that have been detected recently.
(wikipedia)
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